Selasa, 04 November 2014

SGD 8 MODUL Berfikir Kritis LBM 2

Step 1
1.       Relevant Information :
-          Is an information that contain relation with the subject we learn.
-          The correct information that we get.
-          Resources of the author himself and can be responsible.
2.       Online databases :
-          Is a database that accesible from a network, including from internet.
-          Some data which can be downloaded and uploaded to internet.
3.       Must also bear : harus memiliki pemahaman
4.       Reliable sources of information :
-          The correct information about what we learn.
-          The correct and wisely gained information .
-          The information that we can trust.
5.       Textbook : the printed paper that contain sources.
6.       Ethical issues : a conflict of right or wrong and how we can decided our ethical behaviour.

Step 2
1.       What is the characteristics of reliable sources?
2.       How to get the online databases correctly?
3.       How we get the relevant information from the correct resources?
4.       How can we get some informations from patients?
5.       How if we get an information from a blog that made from a doctor?
6.       Why every medical students must find the relevant data?
7.       Mention the other reliable resources except from textbook?
8.       What are the ethical issues or procedure to references an information from any resources?
9.       How reliable is the internet as a learning resources?
10.   How to gained some relevant information from the library?
11.   How we know that the information is unreliable and useless?
12.   Why every medical students must find the reliable resources?
13.   How can students use the information wisely?
14.   After we get the resources,how to collect our resources learning?
15.   Why if the information unreliable will be useless for us?
16.   What is journal and how to get the right journal from the internet?







Step 3 :
1.       How to differentiate reliable sources and unreliable resources ?
Reliable resources :
è how many times it is referenced by the other people
è It can come from trusted resources, it can from journal,book,or scientific paper
è It is made by an expert can’t be edited by anyone else
è Trusted answers. If we search in internet we will be able to get the trusted sources.
è Have a lot information and the examples
è The book have the license
Unreliable resources :
è In the resources not added the fact or not point at a research.
è It can made or write by everyone from their prior knowledge without the real resources.
2.       Mention the other reliable resources except from textbook?
-          Journal,newspaper,magazine,etc
-          Scientific paper,researches
-          Internet ( official web )
3.       How reliable is the internet as a learning resources?
-          Internet is reliable enough as long as the information have the trusted sources and the expert writer
4.       How to get the online databases correctly?
-          We can gained it from a trusted resources or from journal and scientific paper that published.
-          We can get from distributors which sell multimedia and online databases.
-          From official web that already trusted.
-          We can gained it from resources that have some license written on it like DOI,ISBN,etc.
5.       How to gained some relevant information from the library?
-          Maybe we can opened so many books which relate to the subject we learn
-          We must choose the trusted books which written by popular writer who have experiences in making books and we can look into the book references.
6.       How can we get some informations from patients?
-          We can talking and shares information with patients
-          We can from patient’s opinion and suggestion.
-          Asked patients directly about what we want to know.
-          Automatically by the anamnesis and by checking the patients.
-          Exchange information with the patients.
7.       Why every medical students must find the relevant data?
-          Because medical students is learning about the health of human so we must find the relevant data or information correctly to add our knowledge and maybe will help us for our future.
-          Because if medical student can’t find the relevant information it can causes a malpraktek
-          Because every medical students will be a proffesional doctor.
8.       What are the ethical issues or procedure to references an information from any resources?
9.       How can students use the information wisely?
10.   After we get the resources,how to collect our resources learning?
11.   Why if the information unreliable will be useless for us?
12.   What is journal and how to get the right journal from the internet?
Step 4
Concept Map





















Step 5
1.       How to differentiate reliable sources and unreliable resources ?
Reliable resources :
è When researching, you always need to be sure that you are getting your information from reliable sources.
è Some sources are considered to be “reliable” because they have been written by people who are experts in the field.
è These are the sources you can
è Unreliable resources : To determine reliability of online sites and organizations, look at the URL’s ending:
è Online journals and magazines:
è News sources:
Unreable resoource
è On the other hand, some sources, such as Wikipedia, are not reliable because the authors may not have a thorough knowledge or full understanding of a topic.
è Remember: anyone can post information on the internet, and we need to be CRITICAL READERS in order to determine what to believe!
è The following are unreliable sources because they require confirmation with a reliable source:
è Some online sources with an URL that end in .com are unreliable.
·         Here’s the REAL Reliable Source: (note that the site is .edu)
·         Austin Peay State University Academic Support Center Writing Lab “Reliable and Unreliable Sources” Oct 29 2012 http://www.apsu.edu/sites/apsu.edu/files/academic-support-center/Reliable_and_Unreliable_Sources.pdf
·         SPI 0701.4.4 Distinguish between primary (i.e., interviews, letters, diaries, newspapers, personal narratives) and secondary (i.e., reference books, periodicals, Internet, biographies)
·         SPI 0701.4.2 Identify levels of reliability among resources (e.g., eyewitness account, newspaper account, supermarket tabloid account, Internet source)


2.       Mention the other reliable resources except from textbook?
Ø From online sites and organizations, look at the URL’s ending:
¡  If the site ends in .edu, it is most likely an educational institution. Be aware, however, of political bias.
¡  If the site ends in .gov, it is most likely a reliable government website. These sites usually provide good sources for statistics and objective reports.
¡  If the site ends in .org, it is usually a non-profit organization.
¡  These sources vary in being good or poor sources of information and you will still need to research their possible agendas and biases, if they exist
  Online journals and magazines:
¡  Reliable journals and magazines should contain a bibliography for every article
¡  Lists sources within that bibliography that can be extensive and should include scholarly,  and non-Internet sources
¡  THINK: do these sources (evidence) support the articles’ focus/main idea?
  News sources:
¡  Every television and print news source has a website
¡  Beware! Sometimes their focus is to entertain rather than inform
¡  Think of these sources as a stepping stone to more reliable sources
¡  Books—authored, edited and published
¡  Newspapers and magazines
¡  Peer reviewed journals
¡  Peer reviewed articles
¡  PhD or MBA dissertations and research
¡  Public library
¡  Scholarly articles
¡  Isolated studies or academic research
¡  Educational institutions and their websites
  Here’s the REAL Reliable Source: (note that the site is .edu)
  Austin Peay State University Academic Support Center Writing Lab “Reliable and Unreliable Sources” Oct 29 2012 http://www.apsu.edu/sites/apsu.edu/files/academic-support-center/Reliable_and_Unreliable_Sources.pdf
  SPI 0701.4.4 Distinguish between primary (i.e., interviews, letters, diaries, newspapers, personal narratives) and secondary (i.e., reference books, periodicals, Internet, biographies)
  SPI 0701.4.2 Identify levels of reliability among resources (e.g., eyewitness account, newspaper account, supermarket tabloid account, Internet source).

3.       How reliable is the internet as a learning resources?
-          Most people now rely on the Internet as a learning resource, whether that means checking facts on Wikipedia or using extensive Google searches. However, while there is a huge potential for finding information online, as a learning resource the Internet can have its problems. When encouraging students on how to best use the Internet for their research, it’s important to emphasise critical thinking, and being able to evaluate different sources. At the same time, it’s worth considering the benefits of apps that can help you to organise and compare different sources as part of projects and revision.
-          It’s crucial to never take anything at face value when researching online; if you’re trying to help students be more critical with their online activities, try to point out that Wikipedia is a useful starting point but not the definitive answer on subjects. Find examples of where Wikipedia has made mistakes in the past and demonstrate the benefits of checking bibliographies as well as tracking sources from pages, while also cross referencing information through Google searches.
-          In the same way, it’s worth urging students to make use of Google Book Search and databases of newspapers and journals, as this can allow them to read published and checked work. This information can also be used as the basis for finding books in the library, and can generally be trusted as more reliable than some Internet searches.

Anon. ‘Is the Internet Reliable for Research? How to Determine Trustworthiness Online.’ HugPages. 29 Oct 2010. http://findyoursearch.hubpages.com/hub/Is-the-Internet-Reliable-for-Research-How-to-Determine-Trustworthiness-Online. Last Accessed: 22 Dec 2012.
Kavanagh, Sarah and Ojalvo, Holly Epstein. ‘Just Google It? Developing Internet Search Skills.’ The New York Times. 22 Feb 2010. http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/02/22/just-google-it-developing-internet-search-skills/. Last Accessed: 22 Dec 2012.

4.       How to get the online databases correctly?

5.       How to gained some relevant information from the library?
.
6.       How can we get some informations from patients?

7.       Why every medical students must find the relevant data?

8.       What are the ethical issues or procedure to references an information from any resources?
When most people think of ethics (or morals), they think of rules for distinguishing between right and wrong, such as the Golden Rule ("Do unto others as you would have them do unto you"), a code of professional conduct like the Hippocratic Oath ("First of all, do no harm"), a religious creed like the Ten Commandments ("Thou Shalt not kill..."), or a wise aphorisms like the sayings of Confucius. This is the most common way of defining "ethics": norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behavior.

Most people learn ethical norms at home, at school, in church, or in other social settings. Although most people acquire their sense of right and wrong during childhood, moral development occurs throughout life and human beings pass through different stages of growth as they mature. Ethical norms are so ubiquitous that one might be tempted to regard them as simple commonsense. On the other hand, if morality were nothing more than commonsense, then why are there so many ethical disputes and issues in our society?

One plausible explanation of these disagreements is that all people recognize some common ethical norms but different individuals interpret, apply, and balance these norms in different ways in light of their own values and life experiences.

Most societies also have legal rules that govern behavior, but ethical norms tend to be broader and more informal than laws. Although most societies use laws to enforce widely accepted moral standards and ethical and legal rules use similar concepts, it is important to remember that ethics and law are not the same. An action may be legal but unethical or illegal but ethical. We can also use ethical concepts and principles to criticize, evaluate, propose, or interpret laws. Indeed, in the last century, many social reformers urged citizens to disobey laws in order to protest what they regarded as immoral or unjust laws. Peaceful civil disobedience is an ethical way of expressing political viewpoints.

Another way of defining 'ethics' focuses on the disciplines that study standards of conduct, such as philosophy, theology, law, psychology, or sociology. For example, a "medical ethicist" is someone who studies ethical standards in medicine. One may also define ethics as a method, procedure, or perspective for deciding how to act and for analyzing complex problems and issues. For instance, in considering a complex issue like global warming, one may take an economic, ecological, political, or ethical perspective on the problem. While an economist might examine the cost and benefits of various policies related to global warming, an environmental ethicist could examine the ethical values and principles at stake.

Many different disciplines, institutions, and professions have norms for behavior that suit their particular aims and goals. These norms also help members of the discipline to coordinate their actions or activities and to establish the public's trust of the discipline. For instance, ethical norms govern conduct in medicine, law, engineering, and business. Ethical norms also serve the aims or goals of research and apply to people who conduct scientific research or other scholarly or creative activities. There is even a specialized discipline, research ethics, which studies these norms.

There are several reasons why it is important to adhere to ethical norms in research. First, norms promote the aims of research, such as knowledge, truth, and avoidance of error. For example, prohibitions against fabricating, falsifying, or misrepresenting research data promote the truth and avoid error. Second, since research often involves a great deal of cooperation and coordination among many different people in different disciplines and institutions, ethical standards promote the values that are essential to collaborative work, such as trust, accountability, mutual respect, and fairness. For example, many ethical norms in research, such as guidelines for authorship, copyright and patenting policies, data sharing policies, and confidentiality rules in peer review, are designed to protect intellectual property interests while encouraging collaboration. Most researchers want to receive credit for their contributions and do not want to have their ideas stolen or disclosed prematurely. Third, many of the ethical norms help to ensure that researchers can be held accountable to the public. For instance, federal policies on research misconduct, conflicts of interest, the human subjects protections, and animal care and use are necessary in order to make sure that researchers who are funded by public money can be held accountable to the public. Fourth, ethical norms in research also help to build public support for research. People more likely to fund research project if they can trust the quality and integrity of research. Finally, many of the norms of research promote a variety of other important moral and social values, such as social responsibility, human rights, animal welfare, compliance with the law, and health and safety. Ethical lapses in research can significantly harm human and animal subjects, students, and the public. For example, a researcher who fabricates data in a clinical trial may harm or even kill patients, and a researcher who fails to abide by regulations and guidelines relating to radiation or biological safety may jeopardize his health and safety or the health and safety of staff and students.
David B. Resnik, J.D., Ph.D. 
Bioethicist and NIEHS IRB Chair
Tel (919) 541-5658 
Fax (919) 541-9854 
resnikd@niehs.nih.gov

9.       How can students use the information wisely?
Using the SMART Board wisely in classrooms

As an 8th-grade special education teacher, I face many challenges when attempting to teach my students and I welcome any innovative tools that will help in that regard. Teachers today work in an era where something as basic as a chalkboard seems like an ancient tool. The new wave of teaching is educating students by utilizing what they know and like best, and that is technology.
A key part of our job as educators is to tap into students’ interests and try to use those to our advantage in the classroom. Lately, I have been working with a new device that uses technology to revolutionize the chalkboard concept. It is called a SMART Board.
The SMART Board is a large interactive whiteboard. It is, quite simply, a big touch screen that students can use to kinesthetically manipulate characters and information. Utilizing included notebook software, teachers working with the SMART Board are able to create interactive lessons that make students eager to learn and, equally important, participate in class!
The device requires assembly of a few pieces of equipment, and that task in itself is another teaching tool because I make my students responsible for putting together all the different types of technology in order to get it to work. In order to use the SMART Board, a teacher must have a projector and a computer. Students gain a sense of responsibility when they are asked to put the projector and the whiteboard together before the lesson and take them apart later.
The device works very well for all levels of students and touches on all types of learning styles. For example, students are able to go up to the SMART Board and dissect a frog without a real frog! They are able to measure angles with an interactive protractor and figure out which type of angles they are. Students are able to explore the world while feeling like they are on a boat. They are able to see how molecules change as water goes from a solid to a liquid.
Teachers of all disciplines can use this tool to make their lessons come to life. Students enjoy visualizing the concept and many times can do a better job of retaining the information. Not only are they reading, visualizing and listening, they are also literally touching a two-dimensional version of the topic at hand and having fun in the process. And it works for just about any topic in the curriculum.
Whenever I roll out the SMART Board, I am heartened by the students’ enthusiasm and their eagerness to learn! This has been an amazing tool that not only keeps my students engaged but also gives them a unique educational opportunity.
Using the SMART Board in my classroom has not only increased my students’ attention span but also improved their level of understanding. They are able to recall much more information than they were when using the regular chalkboard/worksheet lessons I used in the past. Many want to participate in class more, even those students who never used to do so. They want to have an active role in using the SMART Board, and the interest is widespread among students of varying levels and physical capabilities. There is always a task for everyone to do, and all of the students can participate in the lessons and feel proud of themselves.
Having a SMART Board in classroom has been a great privilege, and getting the necessary expertise entailed a great deal of administrative support from my principal as well as comprehensive training provided by our school’s UFT Teacher Center. I have been sent to workshops to learn how to use all of the tools and software on the SMART Board. The school itself has provided staff with many workshops where Teacher Center personnel have taught us how to create effective lessons to teach using the SMART Board. Fortunately for the staff, our principal has always supported and encouraged teachers to incorporate technology into our classrooms in order to differentiate our instruction to educate our students successfully and better meet their needs.
Overall, the SMART Board is an amazing tool for teaching. It helps keep the new generation interested in learning because technology is something they grew up seeing and using. Technology is all around us, and we should try to incorporate it into our classroom when and where we can or risk losing students’ interest. The SMART Board is a good first step.
10.   After we get the resources,how to collect our resources learning?

Step 1: Identify issues and/or opportunities for collecting data

·                Conduct a review of all policies, practices and procedures applicable to employees, service users or another appropriate audience

·                Explore organizational culture from a human rights, diversity and equity-inclusion lens

·                Assess external context

·                Check representation

Step 2: Select issue(s) and/or opportunity(ies) and set goals

·                Goal-setting

Step 3: Plan an approach and methods

·                Understanding discrimination

Step 4: Collect data

·         Getting buy-in from senior leadership and key stakeholders, in or outside of the organization. This group could include boards of directors, management committees, union representatives, employees, community groups, tenants, customers and service users.
·         Establishing a steering committee or selecting a person(s) to be consulted and held accountable for all major decisions about the data collection process, such as design, logistics, communication management, coordination and finances.
·         Determining who will collect the data (e.g., experts or trained employees).
·         Identifying the logistics, resources, technology and people needed to develop and implement a data collection initiative.
·         Anticipating and addressing key stakeholder concerns and questions about the project.
·         Designing a communication and consultation strategy that will explain the data collection initiative and encourage the highest possible participation rate.
·         Protecting privacy and personal information by using carefully controlled procedures for collecting, storing and accessing data that comply with privacy, human rights and other legislation. Dignity and confidentiality must be respected.
·         Minimizing the impact and inconvenience for the people affected in the workplace or service environment, which includes choosing the best time to collect the data.
·         Aiming for flexibility to allow for changes without great expense or inconvenience.
·         Considering a test period or a pilot phase to allow you to improve and modify data collection methods, as may be needed.

Step 5: Analyze and interpret data

Step 6: Act on results


The Employment Equity Act (the Act) applies to federally regulated employers, like banks, transportation and communication companies with 100 or more employees, as well as to Crown corporations and the federal public service. Employers covered by the Act are known as Legislated Employment Equity Plan (LEEP) employers.
[22] Statistics Canada online: www.statcan.gc.ca.
[23] The City of Toronto offers many publications and reports on its website relating to an array of topics by sector or topic, including the labour force. See City of Toronto, Publications and reports, online: www.toronto.ca/business_publications/publications.htm.
[24] The term “comparator group” is used to determine whether human rights “discrimination” in fact exists in a scenario. Comparison is made between a group claiming discrimination and another group that shares the relevant characteristics, to determine if disadvantage, denial, devaluation, oppression or marginalization has been experienced. A comparator group must share relevant characteristics with the group of interest in the area being questioned for comparison to be meaningful. Who the appropriate comparator group is will depend on the context and is often contested between litigants. Often the comparator group is a more privileged group in society, often the dominant group.
[25] S. Wortley, The Collection of Race-Based Statistics Within the Criminal Justice and Educational Systems: A Report for the Ontario Human Rights Commission (Centre of Criminology, University of Toronto) [unpublished], online: www.ohrc.on.ca.
[26] Data collection based on certain grounds, such as ethnic origin, sex and disability, has been done for many years under federal employment equity legislation, the national census that takes place every five years or in accordance with international requirements. In comparison, data collection on other grounds, such as sexual orientation, has not been done much in the past. Notably, the national Census does not include a question about sexual orientation, although sexual orientation has been included on other non-mandatory surveys and has been the subject of testing. Statistics Canada, Ministry of Industry “2006 Census Content Consultation Report, Catalogue No. 92-130-XE (2003, Revised in February 2004).
[27] C. Agocs, “Surfacing Racism in the Workplace: Qualitative and Quantitative Evidence of Systemic Discrimination” (2004) 3:3 Canadian Diversity at 26, online: www.ohrc.on.ca. For more information about Statistics Canada’s “custom services” see Statistics Canada, supra note 27.
[28] S. Wortley, The Collection of Race-Based Statistics Within the Criminal Justice and Educational Systems: A Report for the Ontario Human Rights Commission (Centre of Criminology, University of Toronto) [unpublished], online: www.ohrc.on.ca at 6.
[29] See Ontario Human Rights Commission’s Policy and Guidelines on Racism and Racial Discrimination (2005), online: www.ohrc.on.ca at 9-10.
[30] Social Science is defined as the scientific study of human society and social relationships. The Concise Oxford Dictionary Ninth Edition, s.v. “social science.”
[31] J.-C. Icart, M. Labelle, R. Antonius, Indicators for Evaluating Municipal Policies Aimed at Fighting Racism and Discrimination, Report presented to UNESCO, Fight against Discrimination and Racism Section, Division of Human Rights and Fight against Discrimination Sector for Social and Human Sciences (MontréaI, Québec: International Observatory of Racism and Discrimination: Centre for Research on Immigration, Ethnicity and Citizenship (CRIEC), Université du Québec à Montréal, 2005) at 47, online: CRIECwww.criec.uqam.ca/pdf/CRIEC%20Cahier%2028%20(en).pdf.

11.   Why if the information unreliable will be useless for us?


12.   What is journal and how to get the right journal from the internet?

Ø  A journal is an academic magazine published on a regular schedule. It contains articles written by experts in a particular field of study, based on research or analysis that the author, or authors, did. That research might include case studies in the medical field, primary source research in the field of history, or literature analysis. Journal articles are written for experts or students of that particular field who have an advanced field-specific vocabulary and knowledge.

Ø  A journal is a scholarly publication containing articles written by researchers, professors and other experts. Journals focus on a specific discipline or field of study. Unlike newspapers and magazines, journals are intended for an academic or technical audience, not general readers.

how to get the right journal from the internet

Ø  Students who are completing the final project or thesis will certainly face a period of searching for and obtain references to support his research. Many incoming email to the editor and mailing kimia_indonesia cited difficulty in finding references and journals from a variety of majors and areas of research themes, while the deadline is getting closer study. Through this article, the authors try to share tips, based on the experience of the author who is also a graduate student, to get a reference and journal effectively.

In the final project, we chose a theme that became the basis of our research. From that theme, we define the goals and objectives of the study. Then we make a plan or design of how research should be done. After this process goes well, then we start the research.

The research that we do of course need to have the strong support of the references that have been there. For example, if we want to find a silver metallic properties, we do not need to do the research from the beginning but just looking for a reference that lists the properties of metallic silver. Every month, tens of thousands of research results from various fields of science published in scientific journals, proceedings of seminars, as well as a thesis or dissertation in all corners of the world. It is very likely that the information you need is listed in scientific works.

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